最新美国国家膳食指南 - 每天肉食仍应少于十分一
首先请看一段摘录,关于美国官方对肉食态度的转变历史:
在1956年,美国政府公布了一份全民饮食建议,主要内容是建议美国人:饮食必须以高糖、高脂、高蛋白、低纤维为主 , 并以肉类、奶、蛋为主食。
事隔不到五年,在1961年,美国医药学会的会刊就报导说:素食至少可以预防90%~97%的心脏病。显然这份报告,已经悄悄地在修正先前错误的认知了。
1981年到87年间,康乃尔大学肯伯教授,在中国所作的饮食调查,显示了蔬菜吃得越多、肉食吃得越少,健康状况越好的报告,引起美国社会相当大的震撼。澳洲新南威尔斯教育局保健委员会发现:
肉食、加工食品、甜点,使儿童愚笨、肥胖而且情绪不稳定、精神异常、充满暴力。因此,严令禁止在校园内贩卖这些点心和食物。肉食对人体的影响还有:加速成熟和衰老。但错误的饮食观已经根深蒂固,并且不良的饮食习惯已经传遍了全球。
1991年以后,国际上许多科研机构,陆续公布了研究调查的结果:
绿色植物和原形五谷类所含的蛋白质、营养,其品位与质量,皆优于一切动物类食物(肉奶蛋),导正了吃肉才能补充足够蛋白质和营养的错误说法。
到了1992年4月28日,美国政府再度公布一份新的饮食建议,说到:理想的饮食当中,应以蔬菜、水果、五谷、豆类、坚果为主,宜占9/10以上,而肉、奶、蛋的比例则应小于1/10。然而,这个建议所依据的又是什么?以后会不会再修正?而健康饮食理念的发展趋势又带给您怎样的思考呢?
1994年,世界卫生组织根据研究,加上大量的临床经验,终于把过去认为毫无营养价值的‘植物纤维’,列为七大营养素之一。然而,过去错误的饮食观念,不知道已经害死了多少生命。
一段摘录,关于美国人基于错误饮食结构上所付出的代价:
在众多的文明病当中,
癌症可以说是最折磨人的。当今,癌症的高发病率与高死亡率,已经造成许多“先进、发达”地区的困扰,社会为此付出了极为庞大的成本。以北美洲为例,每四个人当中,就有一个死于癌症,乍听这个数字,令人难以置信。我们一直认为:北美洲是全世界医疗水平最高的地区之一,应该有更多人可以在高科技的医疗照顾下安享晚年,避免这些疾病的折磨。然而,事实却并非如此。美国有全世界最先进的医学技术,还具有最温和的气候,
美国肉类及动物类食品的消耗量位居世界前列,平均寿命却是工业国家中最低的。
现在高科技的医疗,如先进的检验仪器、定期健检、放射线化疗、高明的外科手术、甚至于基因疗法,都无法抑制癌症发病率与死亡率年年攀升的事实。
医疗的进步,表面上好像平均寿命提高了,其实是婴儿死亡率降低后统计上的错觉。至少在美国,四十岁以后的平均寿命,五十年来从未增加过。医学科学看起来是进步了,可是癌症却没有减少、寿命却没有延长,这个现象确实是我们始料未及的。
美国十大死亡原因当中,癌症是仅次于心脏病
排名第二的疾病,根据临床医疗统计,肺癌病人接受治疗后,能活五年的存活率只有10%;乳腺癌与直肠癌的存活率也只有50%;血癌与淋巴癌存活率更低,只有3%。更值得关切的是:治疗与不治疗的存活率差不多。这个现象传递给我们一个讯息:医疗进步并不代表治疗进步,我们看到的只是医院越盖越多,病人数量越来越多,医疗设备越来越精致,医学理论及治疗方法越来越复杂,治疗费用越来越昂贵,而人们的健康问题或者说免除病患痛苦的问题却并没有得到真正解决。
现在,贴出2005年度美国国家膳食指导的原文,并附上我的分析和看法
The USDA Dietary Guidelines (2005)
Official dietary guidelines for balanced healthy eating (illustrated by the Food Guide Pyramid) are issued by the US Department of Agriculture.
Healthy Eating Guidelines for Americans
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans attempt to answer three questions: What should we eat, how should we prepare it to keep it safe and nutritious, and what sort of exercise is best for good health. In the latest Dietary Guidelines, published January 2005, there is a new emphasis on weight management, along with more specific diet advice on fats, carbohydrate and dairy foods.
The Dietary Guidelines of 2000 attracted criticism from several dietitians, nutritionists and expert groups (eg. Harvard School of Public Health, who built their own Healthy Eating Pyramid). These critics have welcomed several of the new diet recommendations contained in the 2005 Dietary Guidelines - on issues like weight control, consumption of trans-fats and whole grains - but concerns remain. Even so, these new guidelines for healthy balanced eating are a considerable improvement on the old ones and should generally be welcomed.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2005) - Main Recommendations
Basic Advice About Balanced Diet
Consume a variety of nutrient-dense foods and drinks among the basic food groups. Choose foods that restrict your intake of saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, salt, and alcohol.
Follow a balanced eating pattern, such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Guide or the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Eating Plan.
Recommendations For a Balanced Diet
Consume an adequate amount of fruit and vegetables but stay within the correct calorie level for a healthy weight.
On a 2000-calorie diet, eat 2 cups of fruit and 2 and a half cups of vegetables per day. Eat more or less according to your calorie needs.
Eat a variety of fruit and vegetables each day. Choose from all five vegetable sub-groups (dark green, orange, legumes, starchy vegetables, and other vegetables) several times a week.
Consume 3 or more ounce-equivalents of whole-grain foods each day, with the rest of the recommended grains coming from enriched or whole-grain products. At least half your grains should come from whole grains. Eating at least 3 ounce-equivalents of whole grains per day can reduce the risk of heart disease, may help with weight maintenance, and will lower your health risk for other chronic diseases.
Consume 3 cups per day of fat-free or low-fat milk or equivalent milk products.Adults and children can consume milk and milk products without worrying that these foods lead to weight gain. There are many fat-free and low-fat choices without added sugars that are available and consistent with an overall healthy dietary plan. If a person has difficulty drinking milk, ...choose alternatives within the milk food group, such as yogurt or lactose-free milk, or consume the enzyme lactase prior to the consumption of milk products. For people who must avoid all milk products (e.g. individuals with lactose intolerance, vegans), non-dairy calcium-containing alternatives may be chosen to help meet calcium needs.
Dietary Fat in a Balanced Diet
Eat less than ten percent of calories from saturated fats and less than 300 mg/day of cholesterol, and eat as few trans-fats (hydrogenated fat) as possible.
Maintain your total intake of fats/oils at between 20-35 percent of calories, with most fat coming from polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat, such as oily fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.
Regarding meat, poultry, dry beans, and milk or milk products, choose lean, low-fat, or fat-free options.
Carbohydrate in a Balanced Diet
Eat fiber-rich fruits, vegetables, and whole grains as often as possible.
Consume foods and drinks with little added sugars or caloric sweeteners. Follow the recommendations in the USDA Food Guide and the DASH Eating Plan.
Dietary Protein in a Balanced Diet
The Dietary Guidelines did not directly address the issue of protein. They state:
"While protein is an important macronutrient in the diet, most Americans are already currently consuming enough and do not need to increase their intake. As such, protein consumption, while important for nutrient adequacy, is not a focus of this document."
However, they do recommend you to choose foods that contain lean protein. They state:
Eat lean meats and poultry. Bake, broil, or grill food.
Eat a variety of protein rich foods, with more fish, beans, peas, nuts and seeds.
Dietary Sodium and Potassium
Eat less than 2,300 mg (approximately 1 teaspoon of salt) of sodium per day.
Choose low-sodium foods, and do not add salt when cooking. Also, eat potassium-rich foods, such as fruits and vegetables.
这是由美国农业部发表的国家级指导,可谓颇具权威性。而且此报告每5年才修订一次,05年这期虽离今天已经3年,但却已经是最新的一期了。
现在让我尝试来解读一下这篇指导,并依此说说我的看法。
第一大部分只是总起,就不需要提了。
第二大部分是主体内容,又分为六个部分。
第一部分是总体原则,并无细致指导。
第二部分饮食均衡建议,此部分最详尽,乃是此主体内容中的核心部分了。
这一部分中分作五个小点,逐一的详细建议例如水果、蔬菜、谷物、奶制品应该多吃哪些、哪类,份量如何等,以便能够得到哪些营养,能够减低罹患某些疾病的风险等等。
请注意,在此作为核心的主体部分,尽管对水果、蔬菜、谷物、奶制品都有很详尽的建议,但丝毫没提到肉。
第三、四、五、六这最后的四个部分,则是简略的对几种重要的营养各各提出日常摄入建议。
其中,第三部分是关于脂肪的建议。好了,这里涉及到肉了。文章说,饱和脂肪每天的摄入量,得少于10% (我们知道,饱和脂肪是最不应该摄入过量的,因为饱和脂肪的危害实在太大太明显,乃是现代美国人的主流病因)。饱和脂肪主要存在于肉食中。请注意,世界五大长寿乡之冠的多巴人,他们所吃的肉食都不过是20%而已。而这里的建议居然是要少于10%,这可是比世界长寿乡冠军的要求还要高啊~!
而且事实上,一般的植物油中很多也已经含有少量的饱和脂肪了,例如我们最常用的菜籽油中,饱和脂肪就已占6%,不饱和脂肪则高达94%,这已经是相当健康的植物油了。(现在市场上流行多种植物混合的调和油,具备着各种人体所需要的氨基酸和维生素,在比例上就更为完美了)。因此,植物中的脂肪无疑是足够且较为健康的,而假如一旦吃肉,要想不超标是非常,是非常困难的。
这一部分的最后一句话才真正提到了肉,文章这样说:“关于肉、家禽、干豆和牛奶或奶制品,选择瘦的,低脂或者无脂肪的。”注意,这句不是在要你吃或不吃,而是说,吃的话,脂肪越少越好,甚至吃去脂的(例如去脂牛奶),因为我们的食油中其实已经提供了我们足够的脂肪了。
关于肉类,这整个部分的意思很明显,不应为了摄取脂肪而吃肉。因为肉中的饱和脂肪太多,危害健康。要脂肪,植物油中拿好了。
第四部分讲碳水化合物,即谷物类。主要说含丰富纤维的蔬菜、水果、谷物等要尽可能作为日常食物。注意,这些再次提到的日常食物中,同样没有肉的份儿。
第五部分。这是关于蛋白质的摄入建议,这部分该与肉有关了吧?